Women: Alcohol Addiction Essay -- Alcohol

The alcoholic beverage has remained an established element to society’s social world and has grown into a way of living. As alcohol continues to flourish in its prevalence among citizens of the United States, so does the concept of alcohol addiction. A person becomes addicted to alcohol when they â€Å"drink excessively and develops a dependence that results in noticeable mental disturbance, or an interference with bodily and mental health, their interpersonal relations, and their smooth social and economic functioning† (Calahan, 1970, pp. 3). In 2009, the National Institute on Drug Abuse reported that about 52% of Americans used alcohol at least once within 30 days of their survey. As the percentage of Americans who consume alcohol continues to increase, the number of people who become addicted to alcohol remain at a higher risk for medical complications. Although men have been known to drink more likely than women, the side effects that women are more prone to s uffer not only affect themselves but also the children they bear (Wilkinson, 1970). As a legal drug in the United States, alcohol joins the many chemicals that bring harmful effects upon the body. Alcohol has been known to affect every organ in the body of the person who consumes it and has the potential to damage a developing fetus (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2009). According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (2009), occasional alcohol use can impair brain functions and various motor skills whereas on the other hand, heavy use can increase the risk of â€Å"certain cancers, stroke, and liver disease.† With heavy usage of alcohol, a person may develop an addictive craving or continuance for alcohol use despite the harm or injury it can cause to both the us... ...). The American Alcoholic. Charles C. Thomas Publisher: Illinois. McConville, B. (1983). Women Under the Influence. Schocken Books: New York. National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2009). Alcohol. National Institutes of Health. Retrieved from http://www.drugabuse.gov/drugs-abuse/alcohol. National Association for Children of Alcoholics. (2012). Children of Addicted Parents: Important Facts. Retrieved from http://www.nacoa.net/pdfs/addicted.pdf. National Household Survey on Drug Abuse. (2001). Summary of National Findings. Office of Applied Studies: Maryland. DHHS Publication No. SMA 02-3758. Seixas, J. S., & Youcha, G. (1985). Children of Alcoholism. Crown Publishers, Inc.: New York. Sher, K. J. (1991). Children of Alcoholics. The University of Chicago Press: Chicago. Wilkinson, R. (1970). The Prevention of Drinking Problems. Oxford University Press: New York.

Different Definitions of Good Health

In this section I would be focusing on the ways people interpret health and welfare. Health is defined differently by individual, communities and countries, these ways may be defined either positive or negative. The World Health Organisation The World Health Organisation (WHO) had defined health in being â€Å"a complete state of physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.† This definition is a negative approach to health because the definition is vague and can categorised everyone as being unhealthy. In my opinion I find the WHO definition in being unrealistic and unachievable because the definition states, â€Å"absence of disease or infirmity.† As human being we all have one point in our health had gotten the flu. The WHO excluding ‘disease’ and ‘infirmity’ would classify us all as being unhealthy. Another reason why I disagree with this definition is that someone with a disease or illness can maintain a complete state of physical, mental and social well-being. For example, a patient with diabetes would still be in a complete state of physical, mental and social well-being. Not everyone with a disease or illness would lose their complete state of physical, mental and social well-being. https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RvGXLF3uxd0C&pg=PA41&lpg=PA41&dq=seedhouse+health+a+commodity&source=bl&ots=f4etwSpSrA&sig=m9CREsjnSqFb0QcahH_mhwPlNO8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=0IMyVM2eG87PaLeigZAI#v=onepage&q=seedhouse%20health%20a%20commodity&f=false (accessed on 09/10/2015) http://www.bmj.com/content/343/bmj.d4163 (accessed on 09/10/2015) David Seedhouse 2009 David Seedhouse described health and welfare being an â€Å"equivalent to the set of conditions that enable a person to work to fulfil his/her realistic chosen and biological potential†. The definition is positive approach to health because Seedhouse states â€Å"work to fulfil his/her realistic chosen and biological potential.† This would give us the idea that health is a normal process and illnesses can occur without our will. There are a majority of individuals unfortunately that inherit diseases that may have incredible result on how they carry on with their ordinary life. For example a person with a hearing or visual impairment may fulfil his/her potential in exam within the physical constraints would not be considered unhealthy because the person may not hear or see very well. Although Seedhouse definition is vague, I agree with the concept of it; healthier people are more able to do what they desire because they have fewer constraints. The constraints can be psychological, biological or social. A biological constraint can be our organs, cells or tissues. Whilst a psychological constraint can be emotions, cognitions and motivation. A social constraint is our family, friends, community and society. http://www.ukessays.com/essays/health/defining-what-health-is.php#ixzz3o61QlKFV (accessed on 09/10/2015) http://www.moteclife.co.uk/docs/Education/Concept%20of%20Health.pdf (accessed on 09/10/2015) http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/content/13/1/87.full.pdf (accessed on 09/10/2015) Channel 4 Channel 4 defines health in three ways; negative, positive and holistic. According to Channel 4 the negative definition of health is â€Å"free from illness, upset, tiredness, or anything else that might be a symptom of not being in good health.† This isn’t an accurate definition for health in my opinion because if you are upset doesn’t mean you are not in â€Å"good health.† Majority of people are upset for a short period of time, so stating that being upset, which is an emotion, as bad health is not truthful. Benedict Carey had stated that tears are good for reducing our stress levels, removes toxins, kills bacteria, releases our feelings and surprisingly helps us see. This further proves that being upset is good for our health. Positive health is defined by Channel 4 as someone informing another person â€Å"who has recently taken up a sport and say: ‘you look very healthy’. This definition demonstrates the effectiveness of taking up a spo rt because of the words â€Å"very healthy† helps draw that picture. Read also Six Dimensions of Health Worksheet I would agree with this definition for health because exercising benefits us and improves our health. This is because in situation where someone would need to run or defend themselves, it would be essential to exercise. Taking up a sport would also benefit a person emotionally and socially because team work can increase social circle, have more friends, and emotionally can lower stress level. Channel 4 defines holistic as being â€Å"physically very fit and free from illness, they could still have emotional problems.† This meaning that in order to be healthy you would need to be ‘physically fit’ and have no illnesses, such as the flu or diabetes. I agree with that you would need to be physically fit because exercising or taking up a sport would help strengthen the body and lower the risk of diseases, such as coronary heart disease and cancer. http://www.beliefnet.com/columnists/beyondblue/2011/02/7-ways-tears-and-crying-heal.html (accessed on 09/10/2015) http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/fitness/Pages/Whybeactive.aspx (accessed on 09/10/2015) http://www.channel4learning.com/sites/gcsease/health_social/2_1_detail.html (accessed on 09/10/2015) Medical News Today Medical News Today (MNT) had defined health in two aspect; mental health and physical health. According to MNT mental health â€Å"refers to the absence of mental illness.† Although the definition is vague, it still is a positive definition of health because it defines mental health in being without a disorder. If someone can cope with the usual stresses of life, they can work efficiently and productively and is able to support their community means they have good mental health. An example would be a student coping with exams. MNT also defines physical health in a positive way because the definition states that physical health is the â€Å"regular physical activity (exercise), good nutrition, and adequate rest.† I agree with the definition because nutrition, rest and exercise is essential for good health. If someone doesn’t eat a balance diet, they are more likely to be malnourished. Regular exercise is important since it benefits people socially, mentally and physical. In this case our body would be healthier and stronger. An adequate rest is essential for work effort because the correct hours of sleep would result on better work effort. http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/150999.php (accessed on 09/10/2015) Culture Health The word culture is associated with the norms and values that are shared in a particular group or society. These norms and values can shape our views on what is acceptable and what is not. For example; Somalia culture forbids people from drinking alcohol, whilst it is seen perfectly alright in Czech Republic to drink an excessive amount of alcohol. This is negative definition of health because of the affect alcohol has on a person’s physical, emotional and social development. There has been research to show that the ethnic minority groups in Britain experience disadvantages and discrimination when receiving treatment in a healthcare setting, such as hospitals. They would experience poorer health, which would reduce their health expectancy and have more of a risk in long-term health problems, such as sickle cell. The government had set up health campaigns, like Change 4 Life, which aims to tackle obesity in households with children. However, the information presented in health campaigns has a lack of knowledge and understandings for other cultures.

Hinduism The Indian Worldview Essay - 899 Words

The Indian Worldview: Breaking Down Hinduism Hinduism is a religion that is difficult to define. No one can say who the founder is, or connect it to a certain place or time. So in order to understand Hinduism, we follow a coherent set of assumptions upon which people base their lives; otherwise defined as the Indian Worldview. The main concept of the worldview that will help us explain Hinduism is the idea that the spiritual is more important than the physical. Smirti literature are stories or texts, which almost all people in India or areas surrounding India would know. They aren’t like the Veda’s or the Shruti, that require priests or are mainly concerned with the higher class, the Smirti are for everyone. The Dharmashastra is a†¦show more content†¦The early Vedas are very concerned with rituals and goes into great detail of sacrifices; the later Vedas are specifically concerned with knowledge. It is written in complex language and it strives for answers. The writings are direct and searching for connections between interrelationships and the cosmos. They believe that if you can really know and understand the microcosm (your personal world), you can achieve and know more about the macrocosm (the entire universe). Another key concept of Hinduism is that every individual is responsible for his or her own solution. This idea is mainly connected with the terms Karma and Dharma. Karma is this principle where actions of an individual influence the future of that individual. Karma is what feeds samsara, or your rebirth. If you have karma, good or bad, that is unresolved when you die you will be reborn again. As said before, the main purpose of life on earth for Hindu’s is to break this cycle of time and receive moksha, so every individual is responsible for taking care of his or her own karma. Dharma works oppositely, as it only brings you closer moksha faster. Dharma is one’s duty or course of conduct. Following your dharma without any personal agenda will bring you closer to your purpose in life. There are many legitimate paths to the goal of moksha an individual can take. One’s dharma is not set in stone, the path that is chosen isShow MoreRelatedClassification of Religions1509 Words   |  7 Pagessystem and worldviews that establish symbols that relate humanity to spirituality and to moral values. It defines who you are, what you are and your views about the world. It gives its followers guidelines which frames their actions, attitudes, cultures and belief. TYPES OF RELIGIONS: There are more than four thousand religions in this world, however, most of them are not commonly known to world. Famous religions have been divided into three types: 1. Abrahamic Religions 2. Indian ReligionsRead MoreThe Complexities of Hinduism803 Words   |  4 PagesThe religion of Hinduism is the third largest religion in the world. The many aspects of Hinduism present a complex religion. However complex and intellectual this religion seems, the over whelming branches and diversities of Hinduism pose problems for the Hindu worldview. The history, nature of the world, practical outcomes, and superiority of Christianity display the challenges that Hinduism presents. From Hinduism’s pantheon of gods to its dysfunctional caste system, this religion has wreakedRead MoreThe Human Process Of Communication1534 Words   |  7 Pagesresearch paper explores the contributing factors of marital negotiation, diplomacy and comprehension of relationship elements as well as human discernment skills when approaching marriage and communication pertaining to various cultural views. The Hinduism, Islamic and Christian spiritual cultures are chosen for their comparative a nd diverse qualities, cited in summation context in this report. The provided data is meant to render a new outlook for developing an effective form of marital intercommunicationRead MoreSimilarities Between Ancient Greece And China Essay1224 Words   |  5 PagesIn addition to the characteristics of Greece firmly held on to mythology and considered all the phenomena of life through the prism of its. Indian civilization was built on the strength of Vedic culture. This nation characterized by ethnic variety and social stratification, based on caste — from the wise priests to wage workers. Unlike the Greeks, Indians separates religion and mythology. Their interests have developed in Buddhism, the purpose of which was the endless rebirth to achieve enlightenmentRead MoreConfucianism, Hinduism, Buddhism, And Platonism1045 Words   |  5 PagesEssay One Brian Munoz Philosophy 10/23/15 What Are We - What are we? In this essay, I’ll be comparing and contrasting the four views of human nature that we have studied so far – Confucianism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Platonism – critically examining their similarities and differences. Also, I’ll be explaining which one I think provides the most plausible understanding of what we are. First, I will introduce each of the four views of human nature by defining them. Then, I will elaborate and thoroughlyRead MoreHinduism : A Model For Religious Toleration Essay2153 Words   |  9 Pages HINDUISM: A MODEL FOR RELIGIOUS TOLERATION Hailey Walley Introduction to Religion Final Paper Dr. S. Moses December 8th 2016 â€Æ' Paul Griffiths argues that religions by their very nature are exclusivist and, therefore, preach that all who do not follow its particular religious law are exempt from salvation . Hinduism, however, disproves this theory, regularly illustrating its inclusive nature and holistic perspective of the world throughout history. Buddhism, for instance, is a reformed, sub-religionRead MoreDifferences Between Yoruba, Hinduism ( Karma ) And Buddhism1590 Words   |  7 Pages쀀쀀e in become more evolved as a nation one of the problem that needs to be address is how to response to diverse faith within our healthcare practices. This essay serves to compare these three different religious philosophies: Yoruba, Hinduism (karma) and Buddhism, to a Christian’s perspective. These religions have wide perspectives but one will key in on health management and what to expect from healthcare point of view while caring for these patients. Yoruba religion is based on nature worshippin gRead MoreDifferent Religions : Yoruba, Hinduism ( Karma ) And Buddhism1711 Words   |  7 PagesAs we in become more evolved as a nation one of the problem that needs to be address is how to response to diverse faith within our healthcare practices. This essay serves to compare these three different religious philosophies: Yoruba, Hinduism (karma) and Buddhism, to a Christian’s perspective. These religions have wide perspectives but one will key in on health management and what to expect from healthcare point of view while caring for these patients. Yoruba religion is based on nature worshippingRead MoreAssess the Sociological Explanations of the Relationship Between Globalisation and Religion.1107 Words   |  5 Pagesdevelopment and rational worldview on which they depend on are seen as destroying the belief in supernatural. However religion can contribute to development, but most recently sociologists have examined what role religion may play in development in today’s globalising world. This can be seen in India. Globalisation has brought rapid economic growth and has seen India become a more important player in the world political stage. It has brought prosperity to some, notably the Indian middle class. NandaRead More Effective Leadership Essay1579 Words   |  7 Pagesand the world. As a nation, we place no greater responsibility on any one individual than we do on the president. Therefore, leadership plays a vital role. Worldview is the totality of our conception of what this complex, fragmented world is like. The perception we have about our self is part of our worldview. What indicates our worldview is not necessarily how we react to individual events or specific situations, but the overall pattern or character of our lifestyle. Lifestyle is influenced by

Imagery and Metaphor as Resistance in Miguel Asturias...

Imagery and Metaphor as Resistance in Miguel Asturias The President In The President, Miguel Angel Asturias uses madness as his initial tool to launch a social examination of evil versus good under the strains of a terrifying dictatorship. To paint a vivid picture of the political and social atmosphere under the regime of The President, Asturias wields rich and abstract imagery, repetition and metaphors throughout his novel to punctuate, foreshadow, and illuminate. Wind is one of these recurring metaphors, and is used as a representation of a storm brewing, a constant reminder (premonition of) that what is to come. Like the weather, acts of political tyranny cannot be foreseen with much clarity. The underlying corruption of†¦show more content†¦le golpeaban y arrancaban las ropas a pedazaos. (p9). After such subjugation, and in a state of utter exhaustion, el Pelele can finally withstand no more and falls asleep at the Portal de Seà ±or. When he was rudely startled from his sleep by someone yelling mother, the lunatic viciously attacked his tormentor, Colonel Josà © Parrales Sonriente (known as the man with the little mule), to death (p11). This incident occurred `just before dawn, and is in fact the dawn of all of the events that followed. As the catalyst of gigantic storms brewing, el Pelele fled from the attack on Colonel Sonriente, and found respite in a rubbish pile outside the city. There, in keeping with the misfortune that was his life, he was viciously attacked by turkey buzzards and while trying to fight the birds off, he fell down an escarpment of garbage and broke his leg (p 22). Injured, el Pelele is rescued by a wood-cutter, and between the wood-cutters dog and el Pelele palpitaciones formaban grà ¡ficas de angutia a travà ©s de sus gritos y los ladridos del can, como el viento cuando entretela la lluvia. (p29- my emphasis). Wind as metaphor of a storm brewing, hints at what lies ahead for el Pelele. The wood-cutter is joined by Miguel Angel Face to help el Pelele off the rubbish pile, Angel Face puts some money in the madmans pocket, and both men leave the injured man to fend for himself. Terrorized and hurt, el PeleleShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pageswhich they labored to expand the career opportunities available to them at different times and in diverse settings. She places special emphasis on the important but often overlooked roles they played in politics, particularly those associated with resistance movements, and their contributions to arts and letters worldwide. Drawing on the essay collections and series on women in world history that she has edited over the past decade, Smith’s fully global perspectives make clear that even though gender

The Physics Of Mathematics And Mathematics Essay - 1236 Words

Introduction There are reasons to doubt the physical nature of reality, tenets taught by society through heredity and ones’ own consciousness, simply because of the fallacies and imperfections of the human condition. Thus, it is reasonable that any human thought can be questionable. However, Mathematics is not to be doubted. Although, limitations, paradoxes and problems exist in mathematics and is a product of human intelligence, Nevertheless, Mathematics is a continuum of understanding of the universe and possible universes. This is because the symbols, signs and patterns of math exist in the universe, and Therefore, in order to unravel intricate of math mankind needs to discover the missing principals. CONCEPTS OF MATH EXISTED BEFORE HUMANS Firstly, math is the language of the universe because, its fundamental principles existed before humanity. For instance, whole numbers are brought upon the physical observation of the quantity of objects, which was born before humans walked upon the earth. Mankind association and understanding of math is developed with observations, symbols, patterns, classifications and conclusions. Meditations on First Philosophy, Rene Descartes states â€Å"For whether I am waking or sleeping, two plus three equals five, and a square has no more than four sides; nor does it seem possible that such obvious truths could be affected by any suspicion that they are false.† Thus, in this way, logic statements can exist forever. For example, the statement 1 +Show MoreRelatedQuestions On Mathematics And Physics1331 Words   |  6 PagesLiu 1 Hilary Liu Dr. Goldader Honors Physics September 8, 2014 Chapter 1 Homework Answers 1) Why is mathematics important to science, and especially to physics? Mathematics is important to science, and especially to physics, because mathematics are a very precise form of communication. When models are based on scientific findings in nature are expressed mathematically, they are easier to verify or disprove by experiment. When the ideas and models of science are expressed in mathematicalRead MorePhysics : The Precision And Certainty Of Mathematics And Science1389 Words   |  6 Pages Term : Fall 2016 The precision and certainty of Mathematics and Science always compelled me to spend comparatively more time on those subjects throughout my career. I have always been an avid reader of day to day updates of the scientific world. My interest in Mathematics and Physical sciences prompted me to join in pre-university course with Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry as core subjects. I was always mesmerized by the computer. My constant thirstRead MorePi And The Real World995 Words   |  4 Pagesnumerous applications to go along with it. Pi is used in mathematics, science and engineering. Pi has been traced back to over 1600 BC in Egypt, and today it is celebrated world – wide. Students from elementary school through college know of pi and its multiple applications. It has been used in physics, as well as in geometry. Students will even use it in trigonometry when they are doing sine waves. Students need to see how necessary pi is in mathematics and in the real world. Altho ugh it may seem pointlessRead MoreThe Field Of Physics And Physics1593 Words   |  7 Pagesgreatest minds of 17th century, Sir Isaac Newton still continues to influence the field of mathematics and physics. He has made revolutionary discoveries in the domains of motion, mathematics and optics. On top of that, he is also remembered as the founder of modern physics principles. Newton was born on 4th January, 1643 in Woolsthorpe, England. 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In fact, I hated physics in the 9th and 10th grades, not because I didn’t like doing science or was bad at mathematics, but because I was unable to understand the equations, that appeared to come from nowhere. According to my physics teacher, both of the equations for a vertically thrown ball y = 1/2gt 2 + v 0 t and y = −1/2gt 2 + v 0 t were correct, which didn’t make much sense to me because the signs were different! However, my view on physics changed dramaticallyRead MoreSocial Networking1143 Words   |  5 Pages| ACADEMIC QUALIFICATIONS: CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL CERTIFICATE Subject S.C. Grade English Language Three Oral 4 (Four) French Three Mathematics Four Additional Mathematics Four Chemistry Three Physics Six CAMBRIDGE HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE Subject Grade General Paper d Mathematics C Chemistry E Physics E French a OTHER QUALIFICATIONS: †¢ Word Processing Techniques Essential †¢ Diploma in Information Technology †¢ CertificateRead MoreAlbert Einstein : The Greatest Minds Of Our Time1620 Words   |  7 Pages Albert Einstein is undoubtedly one of the greatest minds of our time. His contributions to physics and mathematics are extensive. He was one of science’s first celebrities. Albert Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 at Ulm, in Wurttemberg, Germany (Nobel). His parents, Hermann and Pauline Einstein, were Jewish middle-class Germans, and his uncle was an engineer (Formative). Six weeks after his birth, his family moved to Munich (Nobel). Einstein began his schooling in MunichRead MorePhysics 11373 Words   |  6 Pageshis countrymen. His contributions to physics also place him in the ranks of the greatest scientists of all time. Without Galileo’s contributions to astronomy, mathematics, and physics, we would lack many basic understandings of the universe and our world. Body Galileo Galilei was the son of a musician born in Pisa, Italy in 1564. He studied medicine, but his interests laid in mathematics and physics. At age twenty-five, he became a professor of mathematics at Pisa. In 1591, he moved to Padua andRead MoreDavid Hilbert: A Biography755 Words   |  3 Pagesresearch and study of geometry, physics, and algebra revolutionized mathematics and went on to introduce the mathematic and scientific community with a series of mathematical equations that have yet to be solved. Furthermore, his study of mathematics laid the groundwork for a variety of ongoing mathematic analyses, which continue to influence the world today. David Hilbert was born in Konigsberg, Prussia on January 23, 1862 and went on to pursue a career in mathematics in his mother country before

New Revelations of Pre-Columbian America Free Essays

In his breakthrough book, 1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus, Charles C. Mann changes myths about the Pre-Columbian America into scientific facts that nobody would deny.   The book is a discussion about the scientific reality of Native American life before Columbus set foot in America. We will write a custom essay sample on New Revelations of Pre-Columbian America or any similar topic only for you Order Now    As it turns out, this view of reality based on scientific details is completely different from what we had previously thought about Pre-Columbian America.   The thesis of Mann’s book may be summed up in his own words thus: When I went to high school, in the 1970s, I was taught that Indians came to the Americas across the Bering Strait about thirteen thousand yars ago, that they lived for the most part in small, isolated groups, and that they had so little impact on their environment that even after millennia of habitation the continents remained mostly wilderness.   Schools still impart the same ideas today.   One way to summarize the views of people like Erickson and Balà ©e would be to say that they regard this picture of Indian life as wrong in almost every aspect.   Indians were here far longer than previously thought, these researchers believe, and in much greater numbers.   And they were so successful at imposing their will on the landscape that in 1492 Columbus set foot in a hemisphere thoroughly marked by humankind. NEW REVELATIONS OF PRE-COLUMBIAN AMERICA After introducing the main thesis of his book – that, in fact, Native Americans were far more civilized than we had previously imagined – Mann begins â€Å"Part One: Numbers from Nowhere† by dealing with New England in the 1600s, and the myth that European technology was far superior to American Indian technologies.   This myth was based on the fact that the Indians did not appreciate guns.   However, the reality is that the Indian moccasins were far more comfortable than the boots of the European; and the canoes built by the Native Americans were speedier and more maneuverable than the small boats made by Europeans. Next, the author gets into a discussion about the reasons for the fall of the Inca Empire.   During this discussion we learn that while the Europeans used metal to make tools, the Indians used it for tokens.   Moreover, the Europeans had used horses while invading the Inca Empire, and the Indians did not have the technology to beat the intruders on horses.   Still, the Inca Empire collapsed mainly because of disease in addition to factionalism.   There had been a civil war after the Native Americans had clashed with the Spanish.   Smallpox and various other epidemics were also responsible for the fall of the Inca Empire. The first part of Mann’s book also tackles the controversy surrounding the number of Native Americans in Pre-Columbian America.   Scholars have disagreed on the population of the Indians.   Whereas Dobyns believed that there were around one hundred million Native Americans living before the fall of the Inca Empire; Henige argued that the population was much less.   Yet, as Mann points out, there is virtually no evidence to suggest that the population of Native Americans was little. NEW REVELATIONS OF PRE-COLUMBIAN AMERICA In addition to the above, the first part of the book deals with the Aztecs.   According to scientific evidence, the Aztecs were more sophisticated than we had previously believed them to be.   The Greek â€Å"thinker-teacher† model prevailed among them as â€Å"tlamatini.† â€Å"Part Two: Very Old Bones† provides scientific evidence linked to the skeletons of Lagoa Santa that were found in Brazil’s caves to conclude that the Indians and the Siberians share common ancestry.   Agriculture, too, is a focus of this part of Mann’s book.   According to the author, the Indians began breeding maize right from scratch given that the crop had no â€Å"wild ancestor.†Ã‚   With the development of maize, the Mesoamerican life was further advanced.   The Olmec civilization is mentioned as an example of the high culture that was promoted due to advancement in agriculture. Mann also provides evidence that the Mesoamerican cultures made use of calendars, in addition to wheels.   However, the wheels were used only for small toys.   This is because the Mesoamericans were geographically isolated, and therefore did not have access to other people’s ideas on wheels. â€Å"Part Three: Landscape with Figures† is where Mann brings all of his evidence together to conclude that there are things we have to learn from the Indians.   He discusses the Maya, and points out that the civilization was active in transforming land.   Additionally, the author describes the unique use of fire by the Indians in this part of the book.   Apparently, the Indians used fire to benefit the plants as well as encourage the abundance of some animals. Mann points to the mistake of holding racist views about the Indians in understanding their unique culture given that such views cloud our receptiveness to reality.   As a matter of fact, the NEW REVELATIONS OF PRE-COLUMBIAN AMERICA Indians had reached their optimal level of environment.   Before Christopher Columbus arrived on the continent, however, the Europeans had changed the landscape created by the Indians. Analysis Indeed, Charles C. Mann is correct in his belief that we have been collectively fed in with the myth that the Native Americans were culturally backward.   In point of fact, this myth does not surround the Indians alone.   Rather, we are made to believe that all civilizations before the major ones as we know them – the Egyptians, the Greeks, the Muslims, and the United States – were culturally backward. We further tend to believe that it was almost impossible for the civilizations of old to perform the kinds of amazing deeds that we perform today, with respect to our technology.   And so, scholars struggled for a long time trying to understand how the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids without our present technology.   This struggle to understand was led by speculation.   However, speculation is unnecessary when scientific facts are before us.   So, we are aware that the ancient Egyptians had their own technology to build the pyramids.   We do not understand the exact nature of that technology.   We may only know from the evidence we have gathered thus far that some of the civilizations of old were far more sophisticated than we had previously imagined them to be.   This is the case with the Indian civilization.   Perhaps, this was also the case with the people of the Stone Age, who might have developed themselves in terms of NEW REVELATIONS OF PRE-COLUMBIAN AMERICA philosophical thinking if nothing else.   The fact that we do not possess tomes written by people of the Stone Age or the Indians, does not necessarily lead us to the conclusion that the civilizations in question were less developed or evolved than we are.   Rather, those civilizations used their intellectual capacity in a different way.   Believers in the scriptures which recount the story of Adam and Eve would all agree that the essential human being has not changed through the ages.   Based on this view, only that which civilizations focus upon in their own time is likely to vary from civilization to civilization, and the human being is the same as he was in the beginning, that is, a being that is curious and would like to see change. The main strengths of Mann’s book are its lucid language, and the vast amount of evidence collected by the author.   Mann makes his book extremely interesting by addressing old myths, and describing the facts that must replace the myths.   The book describes unique fruits, for example, that we had previously supposed to be wild.   Even so, the unique fruits consumed by Indians were as nutritious as today’s fruits.   Mann describes interesting fruits with flavors like vanilla ice cream, for instance, and others that contained high levels of vitamin C and protein. The discussion that this book is made up of is very valuable in helping us understand faulty perceptions.   According to the author, â€Å"Given the charged relations between white societies and native peoples, inquiry into Indian culture and history is inevitably contentious.†Ã‚   To put it another way, white societies may have deliberately kept us away from understanding the significance of the Indian culture.   I believe that this is untrue, given the white societies’ emphasis on knowledge.   Moreover, I trust that the mention of racism should not have been a part of this book.   After all, the book was published in a white society to uncover the reality of NEW REVELATIONS OF PRE-COLUMBIAN AMERICA the Indian civilization.   As a matter of fact, given the importance of the scientific evidence in the book, it is expected that this book will be studied in white societies for a long time to come. NEW REVELATIONS OF PRE-COLUMBIAN AMERICA Works Cited Mann, Charles C. 1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus. New York: Vintage Books, 2006. How to cite New Revelations of Pre-Columbian America, Essay examples New Revelations of Pre-Columbian America Free Essays In his breakthrough book, 1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus, Charles C. Mann changes myths about the Pre-Columbian America into scientific facts that nobody would deny.   The book is a discussion about the scientific reality of Native American life before Columbus set foot in America. We will write a custom essay sample on New Revelations of Pre-Columbian America or any similar topic only for you Order Now    As it turns out, this view of reality based on scientific details is completely different from what we had previously thought about Pre-Columbian America.   The thesis of Mann’s book may be summed up in his own words thus: When I went to high school, in the 1970s, I was taught that Indians came to the Americas  across the Bering Strait about thirteen thousand years ago, that they lived for the most part in  small, isolated groups, and that they had so little impact on their environment that even after  millennia of habitation the continents remained mostly wilderness.   Schools still impart the  same ideas today.   One way to summarize the views of people like Erickson and Balà ©e would  be to say that they regard this picture of Indian life as wrong in almost every aspect.   Indians  were here far longer than previously thought, these researchers believe, and in much greater  numbers.   And they were so successful at imposing their will on the landscape that in 1492   Columbus set foot in a hemisphere thoroughly marked by humankind. After introducing the main thesis of his book – that, in fact, Native Americans were far more civilized than we had previously imagined – Mann begins â€Å"Part One: Numbers from Nowhere† by dealing with New England in the 1600s, and the myth that European technology was far superior to American Indian technologies.   This myth was based on the fact that the Indians did not appreciate guns.   However, the reality is that the Indian moccasins were far more comfortable than the boots of the European; and the canoes built by the Native Americans were speedier and more maneuverable than the small boats made by Europeans. Next, the author gets into a discussion about the reasons for the fall of the Inca Empire.   During this discussion we learn that while the Europeans used metal to make tools, the Indians used it for tokens.   Moreover, the Europeans had used horses while invading the Inca Empire, and the Indians did not have the technology to beat the intruders on horses.   Still, the Inca Empire collapsed mainly because of disease in addition to factionalism.   There had been a civil war after the Native Americans had clashed with the Spanish.   Smallpox and various other epidemics were also responsible for the fall of the Inca Empire. The first part of Mann’s book also tackles the controversy surrounding the number of Native Americans in Pre-Columbian America.   Scholars have disagreed on the population of the Indians.   Whereas Dobyns believed that there were around one hundred million Native Americans living before the fall of the Inca Empire; Henige argued that the population was much less.   Yet, as Mann points out, there is virtually no evidence to suggest that the population of Native Americans was little. In addition to the above, the first part of the book deals with the Aztecs.   According to scientific evidence, the Aztecs were more sophisticated than we had previously believed them to be.   The Greek â€Å"thinker-teacher† model prevailed among them as â€Å"tlamatini.† â€Å"Part Two: Very Old Bones† provides scientific evidence linked to the skeletons of Lagoa Santa that were found in Brazil’s caves to conclude that the Indians and the Siberians share common ancestry.   Agriculture, too, is a focus of this part of Mann’s book.   According to the author, the Indians began breeding maize right from scratch given that the crop had no â€Å"wild ancestor.†Ã‚   With the development of maize, the Mesoamerican life was further advanced.   The Olmec civilization is mentioned as an example of the high culture that was promoted due to advancement in agriculture. Mann also provides evidence that the Mesoamerican cultures made use of calendars, in addition to wheels.   However, the wheels were used only for small toys.   This is because the Mesoamericans were geographically isolated, and therefore did not have access to other people’s ideas on wheels. â€Å"Part Three: Landscape with Figures† is where Mann brings all of his evidence together to conclude that there are things we have to learn from the Indians.   He discusses the Maya, and points out that the civilization was active in transforming land.   Additionally, the author describes the unique use of fire by the Indians in this part of the book.   Apparently, the Indians used fire to benefit the plants as well as encourage the abundance of some animals. Mann points to the mistake of holding racist views about the Indians in understanding their unique culture given that such views cloud our receptiveness to reality.   As a matter of fact, the  Indians had reached their optimal level of environment.   Before Christopher Columbus arrived on the continent, however, the Europeans had changed the landscape created by the Indians. Analysis Indeed, Charles C. Mann is correct in his belief that we have been collectively fed in with the myth that the Native Americans were culturally backward.   In point of fact, this myth does not surround the Indians alone.   Rather, we are made to believe that all civilizations before the major ones as we know them – the Egyptians, the Greeks, the Muslims, and the United States – were culturally backward. We further tend to believe that it was almost impossible for the civilizations of old to perform the kinds of amazing deeds that we perform today, with respect to our technology.   And so, scholars struggled for a long time trying to understand how the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids without our present technology.   This struggle to understand was led by speculation. However, speculation is unnecessary when scientific facts are before us.   So, we are aware that the ancient Egyptians had their own technology to build the pyramids.   We do not understand the exact nature of that technology.   We may only know from the evidence we have gathered thus far that some of the civilizations of old were far more sophisticated than we had previously imagined them to be.   This is the case with the Indian civilization.   Perhaps, this was also the case with the people of the Stone Age, who might have developed themselves in terms of  philosophical thinking if nothing else. The fact that we do not possess tomes written by people of the Stone Age or the Indians, does not necessarily lead us to the conclusion that the civilizations in question were less developed or evolved than we are.   Rather, those civilizations used their intellectual capacity in a different way.   Believers in the scriptures which recount the story of Adam and Eve would all agree that the essential human being has not changed through the ages.   Based on this view, only that which civilizations focus upon in their own time is likely to vary from civilization to civilization, and the human being is the same as he was in the beginning, that is, a being that is curious and would like to see change. The main strengths of Mann’s book are its lucid language, and the vast amount of evidence collected by the author.   Mann makes his book extremely interesting by addressing old myths, and describing the facts that must replace the myths.   The book describes unique fruits, for example, that we had previously supposed to be wild.   Even so, the unique fruits consumed by Indians were as nutritious as today’s fruits.   Mann describes interesting fruits with flavors like vanilla ice cream, for instance, and others that contained high levels of vitamin C and protein. The discussion that this book is made up of is very valuable in helping us understand faulty perceptions.   According to the author, â€Å"Given the charged relations between white societies and native peoples, inquiry into Indian culture and history is inevitably contentious.†Ã‚   To put it another way, white societies may have deliberately kept us away from understanding the significance of the Indian culture.   I believe that this is untrue, given the white societies’ emphasis on knowledge.   Moreover, I trust that the mention of racism should not have been a part of this book.   After all, the book was published in a white society to uncover the reality of  the Indian civilization.   As a matter of fact, given the importance of the scientific evidence in the book, it is expected that this book will be studied in white societies for a long time to come. Works Cited Mann, Charles C. 1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus. New York: Vintage Books, 2006. How to cite New Revelations of Pre-Columbian America, Essay examples

Complementary Strategies Turnaround Situations - MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Complementary Strategies Turnaround Situations. Answer: Introduction: Apple Company is a manufacturing company that focuses mainly in consumer electronic based products. Being a worldwide known company for various electronics products, it faces a great competition from other companies like Samsung, LG, Nokia and Microsoft. However, Apple stands out in the market against its competitors through focusing more on broad product differentiation. The firm also produces user friendly and well-designed products that enables it cover a wider market. In this way, the company is able to maintain market leadership as high-value business and high-end company. (Pretorius, 2008) According to the case study, Apple company adopted various strategies in order to penetrate and survive in the competitive market of consumer electronics. First, the company built a good reputation with its customers by making personal computers that were easy to use compared to what their competitors produced though they priced it higher than their competitors price, however this did not made the company not to sell since most customers mainly look at the quality of the product and not only the price. This strategy was as a result of visiting Xerox company research laboratories by founders of Apple where they observed that Xerox had developed an early version of computer interface screen with drop-down screen widely used by personal computer users today. They decided to adapt this strategy in order to make personal computers that are easy to use compared to their competitors computers that still have complicated technical interface features.(Kotorov, 2001) Secondly, Apple manufactured innovative computers and other products that are more competitive like the Mac2, Powerbooks and Pagemaker, a worlds firstclass desktop publishing programs. Page maker has remained to be the leading publishing program of its own unique kind widely used around the world in publishing and fashion houses. This strategy has made the company to remain exclusive because most consumers nowadays need technological advanced products which they believe they are the most effective to use .the strategy have also enable the company to have a specialist market where it has a great competitive advantage. In 2000, Apple adopted another new strategy that enabled the company in penetrating the competitive market and exploit the growing world market of personal electronic devices including the mp3 music players, CD players and digital cameras. They launch their own version of the three products and changed them to user friendly software and of high value in order to make their product unique and highly competitive. This innovative idea helps the company grow as well as developing its market hence making it more competent. This is as a result of a good reputation that the company created by manufacturing the unique products that when sold to customers they feel special as they believe no other company had produced such unique product. The fourth strategy the company adopted was the launch of iPods in 2001. This is a personal music player that stores hundreds of CDs, later in 2003 and 2004, they launched an iTune music store in USA and Europe respectively which was rated as most innovatory development because iTune was used widely around the world for downloading music tracks at a cheaper charge of 99 cents. This also made Apple more competitive since there was no other company manufacturing such innovative products. Later in 2007, Apple launched iPhone, a mobile phone which has the same characteristics like iPod. This strategy helped the company penetrate the competitive market as many consumers opted for this type of phone because it is designed with characteristics that are user friendly and the mobile phone is widely available hence rated the most effective. In addition the company reduced the mobile phone price to enable it to gain a large target volume and it also expanded the companys global market reach whe re competition was massive for the past many years.The iPhone mobile device however achieved a significant technical breakthrough with its touch screen feature that was highly preferred by users as compared to its competitor Nokia, which has handsets designed with fixed buttons and small screen. Moreover, Apple launched another iPhone model in 2010 the iPhone 4 which was designed with a further technology advances. This is another strategy that has enabled Apple company remain more competitive in consumer electronic market since everyone is moving to an advanced technology world that Apple too is moving towards. Innovative products being the major point of making a company competitive in this case, it always go in hand with technology and embracing technology advancement place a company at a great opportunity of surviving in a competitive market. Therefore, Apple strategy of designing the iPhone 4 with advanced technologicalfeatures helps the company survive in the competitive market. Lastly, Apple hit back and negotiated on supply contract of flashmemory for its iPod that were cheaper than its rivals, this strategy has eventually helped the company survive in the competitive market as the reduction in price enables the company reduce its prices of the product thus attractin g more customers. However, for Apple company to survive in the competitive electronic consumer market,it should focus more on product differentiation whereby it emphasis on manufacturing innovative products with different unique features and design compared to those of its competitors.The company should also focus on penetrating markets especially on areas where it is limited to reach and expand on its market coverage for it to survive in the competitive market environment and increase growth and company development. (Chesnokova, Radina and Serdyuk, 2014) In order for Nokia to sustain its initial dominance in the technology industry, the firm could have done the following; first, the firm could enforce strategies that ensuresit remains competitive in the industry. The main strategy it could have put in place is competitive strategy. This is a strategy that should greatly evolve in the firm which is high technology Company where industries, market and technology changes rapidly. The strategy helps a company to be competent in the industry in order to gain competitive advantage over other firms. In this case, Nokia could set have set a strategy whereby the firm set a long term direction of the products it intends to produce and the technology to use. After setting the direction, the firm then determine the market of the product to enable the firm determine what price to use for the product and still remaining competitive.The company could also put in place technology strategy which could have guided the firm in developing and acquire ne w technological advances to enable it make advanced device design and stand out over its competitors. Nokia could also set a good market strategy to help differentiate its products from that of its competitors, the market segments of the products and the customers needs. Producing its own unique product without an imitation of its competitors products could have enabled the firm dominate the market.this strategy could help Nokia succeed by manufacturing unique mobile products with advanced technology features which will make customers feel they are offered something unique and special that other firms do not offer, in the long run building a good reputation that will help Nokia sustain its dominance in the technology industry. In addition, for the firm to sustain its initial dominance, it could have made sure to be the first to market any new product identified in technology field. This is because, being first to market any new innovative product enables a firm built a good reputation as a market leader that in the long run attracts more customers and increases its marketing effectiv eness. The reputation will also make the company to remain top competitor once it has become a consistent market leader. (Burgelman, Christensen and Wheelwright, 2009) Lastly, the firm could also engage in producing well designed products which are user friendly that leads the company to cover a broader market.By doing that, the company could have been able to maintain market leadership as high-value business and high-end company just like what its competitor Apple does. Nokia could also employ strategic planning to help identify potential problem the firm faces in the technology industry that hinders the company from dominating the market. This will in turn enable the firm create a framework to help achieve its goals of dominating the technology industry.(Berman and Hagan, 2006) References Burgelman, R., Christensen, C. and Wheelwright, S. (2009).Strategic management of technology and innovation. 1st ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. Berman, S. and Hagan, J. (2006). How technology?driven business strategy can spur innovation and growth.Strategy Leadership, 34(2), pp.28-34. Chesnokova, A., Radina, O. and Serdyuk, R. (2014).Consumer Loyalty as a Factor of Establishing the Competitive Advantages in a Company under the Market Conditions.Asian Social Science, 10(23) Kotorov, R. (2001). The strategy wheel: A method for analysis and benchmarking for competitive strategy.Competitive Intelligence Review, 12(3), pp.21-30 Pretorius, M. (2008).When Porter's generic strategies are not enough: complementary strategies for turnaround situations.Journal of Business Strategy, 29(6), pp.19-28